© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 1/2012, s. 67-71
*Wojciech Bik1, Agnieszka Baranowska-Bik2, Ewa Wolińska-Witort1, Małgorzata Kalisz1, Magdalena Białkowska3, Lidia Martyńska1, Bogusława Baranowska1
Osoczowe stężenia waspiny u kobiet z otyłością olbrzymią
Vaspin plasma levels in extremely obese women**
1Department of Neuroendocrinology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw
Head of Department: dr hab. med. Wojciech Bik
2Department of Endocrinology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw
Head of Department: prof. dr hab. med. Wojciech Zgliczyński
3National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw
Head of Department: prof. dr hab. med. Mirosław Jarosz
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Pomimo iż otyłość związana jest z insulinoopornością, cukrzycą typu 2 i ryzykiem chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego, tzw. otyli, metabolicznie zdrowi, nawet jeśli występuje otyłość olbrzymia, nie wykazują nasilonych zaburzeń gospodarki węglowodanowej i lipidowej. Waspina jest nową adipokiną, która może wpływać na regulację poziomów glukozy i insuliny.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była ocena osoczowych stężeń waspiny u kobiet z otyłością olbrzymią w odniesieniu do obecności zespołu metabolicznego.
Materiał i metody. Badaniem objęto 55 Polek, wśród nich 26 z otyłością olbrzymią (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) i zespołem metabolicznym, 10 z otyłością olbrzymią bez zespołu metabolicznego oraz 19 zdrowych, szczupłych kobiet jako grupa kontrolna. Zespół metaboliczny rozpoznano zgodnie z kryteriami IDF 2005. U wszystkich badanych wykonano pomiary antropometryczne. Krew pobierano na czczo i oznaczano profil lipidowy i stężenie glukozy. Osoczowe stężenia insuliny i waspiny określano odpowiednio metodami IRMA i ELISA. Wyliczono wskaźnik HOMA-IR.
Wynik. Stężenia waspiny były znamiennie wyższe u kobiet z otyłością olbrzymią w porównaniu do grupy kontrolnej. Jednakże, nie wykazaliśmy istotnych różnić w poziomach waspiny pomiędzy podgrupami otyłych pacjentek. Najbardziej zaburzony profil lipidowy obserwowano u kobiet otyłych z zespołem metabolicznym. W tej grupie stwierdzono także najsilniej wyrażone nieprawidłowości gospodarki węglowodanowej z najwyższymi wartościami HOMA-IR. Stwierdzono istotne statystycznie korelacje pomiędzy wartościami waspiny a obwodem talii w grupie osób z otyłością olbrzymią.
Wnioski. Wyniki naszych badań wskazują, że wahania poziomów waspiny są zależne od wielu czynników, a nie tylko od wartości BMI, parametrów gospodarki węglowodanowej lub obecności zespołu metabolicznego. W grupie kobiet z otyłością olbrzymią wspina nie jest wskaźnikiem zaburzeń metabolicznych.
Summary
Introduction. Although obesity is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk, ‘obese but metabolically healthy’ individuals, even when extremely obese, do not present disturbed glucose or lipid profiles. Vaspin is a novel adipokin that may influence glucose/insulin homeostasis.
Aim. We aimed to assess plasma vaspin levels in morbidly obese women and to correlate these results with the presence of metabolic syndrome.
Material and methods. The study included 55 Polish women among them 26 subjects had morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) with metabolic syndrome, 10 subjects were extremely obese without metabolic syndrome and 19 healthy, lean women served as a control group. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria of IDF 2005. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements. Fasting plasma glucose levels and lipid profiles were determined. Plasma insulin and vaspin levels were estimated using IRMA and ELISA, respectively. HOMA-IR was calculated.
Results. Plasma vaspin concentration was significantly higher in extremely obese women in comparison with the controls. However, we did not observe any noticeable differences in vaspin levels among two subgroups of morbidly obese subjects. The most disturbed lipid profile was seen in the group of obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. This group showed also heightened disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism with the highest HOMA-IR.
We identified that vaspin concentration significantly correlated with waist circumference in extremely obese women.
Conclusions. The results of our study indicate that circulating vaspin levels depend on several factors not only on BMI, glucose metabolism indicators or the presence of metabolic syndrome. In the group of morbidly obese individuals vaspin is not a marker of metabolic disturbances.
Introduction
The history of metabolic syndrome started in the 17th century when the first description of metabolic abnormalities was published by Nicolaes Tulp (1). However, the last century’s discoveries were the milestones in the studies on the role of metabolic disturbances. It is widely known that in 1988 Professor Gerald Reaven gave the definition of X syndrome (2) that was modified in the following years. But the studies on metabolic syndrome had begun earlier. Interestingly, in the 50s Polish scientist professor Jakub Węgierko presented the coexistence of diabetes with metabolic disturbances and several diseases including hypertension, obesity, cholelithiasis and atherosclerosis (3). Professor Węgierko provided also the definition of this particular type of diabetes and his definition is very similar to the one used nowadays for metabolic syndrome (4).
Despite the fact that the problem of metabolic syndrome has been thoroughly studied over last years and criteria have been changed several times up to date, there are still controversies concerning health implications of the presence of metabolic syndrome and its compounds (5).
Doubtless, obesity, especially when characterized with increased amount of abdominal visceral fat, is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk (6). However, there is a group of obese individuals in whom metabolic abnormalities are not expressed. They do not present disturbed glucose or lipid profiles even in the presence of extreme obesity. This group is termed ‘obese but metabolically healthy’.
Many studies confirmed that adipose tissue is able to secrete biologically active substances named adipokines that may modulate glucose and lipid homeostasis, and influence immune system (7). Vaspin (visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor) is a novel adipokine that was isolated for the first time from the visceral white adipose tissue of animal model of type 2 diabetes and visceral obesity (8). It is believed to possess insulin-sensitizing properties as it has been reported that administration of recombinant vaspin enhances insulin sensitivity in obese mice (8). Moreover, vaspin mRNA is found to be highly expressed in adipocytes from obese rats (8). However, data from human studies on the association between vaspin and obesity, metabolic syndrome and glucose homeostasis remain equivocal.
Thus, we aimed to assess plasma vaspin levels in morbidly obese women and to correlate these results with the presence of metabolic syndrome.
Material and methods
The study was carried out on 55 Polish descend women who were assigned to the following groups:
– 26 subjects with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) with metabolic syndrome (aged 45.44 ± 12.04 yrs),
– 10 subjects with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) without metabolic syndrome (aged 45.20 ± 15.94 yrs),
– 19 healthy, lean women as a control group (aged 35.55 ± 12.27 yrs).
All participants in the study were recruited from outpatient’s clinic. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects. The study protocol was accepted by the Bioethical Committee of Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education in Warsaw.
Exclusion criteria were as follows: endocrine disorders, chronic pulmonary dysfunction, chronic kidney and liver disease and neoplasm history. None of the examined subjects had signs of acute infection at the time of the investigation. History of excessive alcohol consumption and/or smoking also eliminated individuals from the study.
Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria of International Diabetes Federation (IDF 2005). None of the controls had a history of type 2 diabetes and hypolipemic treatment.
Anthropometric measurements
All subjects on the day of examination underwent anthropometric measurements which included height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences estimation. Then, body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratios (WHR) were calculated.
Clinical data from all groups were presented in table 1.
Table 1. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure measurements in all investigated groups.
| Control group |
BMI ≥ 40 MS (-) |
BMI ≥ 40 MS(+) |
p |
Body Mass Index [BMI]
(kg/m2) | 22.09 ± 2.49 |
42.38 ± 3.32 |
45.26 ± 3.77 |
p < 0.05a
p < 0.001b,c |
Systolic blood pressure
(mm Hg) | 130 ± 27.62 |
126 ± 19.22 |
146.7 ± 17.04 |
p < 0.05a
p < 0.001c |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 71.66 ± 10.40 |
76.87 ± 14.37 |
87.64 ± 11.33 |
p < 0.01b,c |
Waist
(cm) | 77.16 ± 7.48 |
112.90 ± 8.39 |
120.5 ± 6.91 |
p < 0.05a
p < 0.001b,c |
Hip
(cm) | 94.72 ± 7.46 |
132.00 ± 9.37 |
135.44 ± 8.48 |
p < 0.001b,c |
Waist/hip ratio
[WHR] | 0.77 ± 0.05 |
0.85 ± 0.06 |
0.89 ± 0.06 |
p < 0.001b,c |
MS (+) – presence of metabolic syndrome
MS (-) – absence of metabolic syndrome
aextreme obesity with metabolic syndrome vs. extreme obesity without metabolic syndrome
bextreme obesity without metabolic syndrome vs. control group
cextreme obesity with metabolic syndrome vs. control group
Analytical methods
Blood samples were taken from all subjects in the morning hours after overnight fasting. Immediately after collections the samples were centrifugated at temperature of 4oC and the obtained plasma was frozen at -70oC.
Fasting plasma glucose levels as well as lipid profile were determined using routine laboratory procedures. Plasma insulin and vaspin levels were estimated using a commercial IRMA kit (from BioSource) and ELISA kit (from AdipoGen), respectively.
Intra and inter assay coefficient was under 10% for all investigated parameters.
Powyżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu, do którego możesz uzyskać pełny dostęp.
Mam kod dostępu
- Aby uzyskać płatny dostęp do pełnej treści powyższego artykułu albo wszystkich artykułów (w zależności od wybranej opcji), należy wprowadzić kod.
- Wprowadzając kod, akceptują Państwo treść Regulaminu oraz potwierdzają zapoznanie się z nim.
- Aby kupić kod proszę skorzystać z jednej z poniższych opcji.
Opcja #1
29 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego artykułu
- dostęp na 7 dni
uzyskany kod musi być wprowadzony na stronie artykułu, do którego został wykupiony
Opcja #2
69 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 30 dni
- najpopularniejsza opcja
Opcja #3
129 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 90 dni
- oszczędzasz 78 zł
Piśmiennictwo
1. Erkelens DW, de Bruin TW, Castro Cabezas M: Tulp Syndrome. Lancet 1993; 342: 1536-7.
2. Reaven GM: Banting Lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-607.
3. Węgierko J: Znaczenie praktyczne podziału cukrzycy na poszczególne jej postacie. Pol Arch Med Wew 1955; 25: 791-7.
4. Musialik K, Strażyńska A: Zespół metaboliczny od przeszłości do przyszłości. Nowiny Lekarskie 2009, 78: 45-54.
5. Reaven GM: The metabolic syndrome: time to get off the merry-go-round? J Int Med 2010; 269: 127-36.
6. Bergman RN, Kim SP, Hsu IR et al.: Abdominal Obesity: Role in the Pathophysiology of Metabolic Disease and Cardiovascular Risk. Am J Med 2007; 120: S3-S8.
7. Rabe K, Lehrke M, Parhofer KG, Broedl UC: Adipokines and insulin resistance. Mol Med 2008; 12: 741-51.
8. Hida K, Wada J, Eguchi J et al.: Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: A unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc Natl Ac Sci, USA 2005; 102: 10610-5.
9. Auguet T, Quintero Y, Riesco D et al.: New adipokines vaspin and omentin. Circulating levels and gene expression in adipose tissue from morbidly obese women. BMC Med Genet 2011; 12: 60.
10. Choi SH, Kwak SH, Lee Y et al.: Plasma vaspin concentrations are elevated in metabolic syndrome in men and are correlated with coronary atherosclerosis in women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75: 628-35.
11. Kim SM, Cho GJ, Yannakoulia M et al.: Lifestyle modification increases circulating adiponectin concentration but does not change vaspin concentrations. Metabolism 2011; 60: 1294-9.
12. Tan BK, Heutling D, Chen J et al.: Metformin decreases the adipokine vaspin in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome concomitant with improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in insulin resistance. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1501-7.
13. Koiou E, Tziomalos K, Dinas K et al.: The effect of weight loss and treatment with metformin on serum vaspin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr J 2011; 58: 237-46.
14. Youn BS, Klöting N, Kratzsch J et al.: Serum vaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57: 372-7.
15. Von Loeffelholz C, Mohling M, Arafat AM et al.: Circulating vaspin is unrelated to insulin sensitivity in a cohort of nondiabetic humans. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162: 507-13.
16. Klöting N, Berndt J, Kralisch S et al.: Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339: 430-6.
