© Borgis - Postępy Fitoterapii 2/2006, s. 71-74
Dencmaa Dungerdorj, S. Tsetsegmaa, S. Purevsuren, B. Bayasgalan
On the phytochemical investigation of the genus Gentiana used for the treatment of liver diseases in Mongolian Traditional Medicine1
Medical University of Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia
Head of Department: Dencmaa Dungerdorj, M.D., DSc.
Summary
On the result of phytochemical investigation of 8 species of the genus Gentiana growing in Mongolia 27 xanthons, 15 flavonoids, 11 secoiridoids, 3 organic acids, totally more than 50 compounds were isolated and identified. From Gentiana barbata 8 xanthons, 2 secoiridoids, 2 flavonoids; from G. macrophylla 1 secoiridoid, 2 flavonoids; from G. decumbens 2 secoiridoids, 4 flavonoids; from G. algida 1 secoiridoid, 3 flavonoids; from G. acuta 6 xanthons, 1 secoiridoid, 3 flavonoids, 1 organic acid; from G. uniflora 2 xanthons, 1 organic acid; from G. azurium 6 xanthons, 3 secoiridoids, 1 flavonoid; from G. pulmonaria 5 xanthons, 1 secoiridoid were isolated. 7-O-β-D-glucopiranosyl-1-hydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthon from Gentiana barbata, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-8-methoxyxanthon from G. azurium, 1-O-β-D-glucopiranosyl-3,5-dihydroxy-8-methoxyxanthon, 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-acetoxy-8-acetyl-O-β-D-fructofurano-sylxanthon from G. pulmonaria were novel compounds found in nature for the first time and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis.
According to the last 10 years research, digestive organ system are on the second places illnesses of total population of Mongolia and viral hepatitis of liver tumor are very common in the country. Statistic data show that 35.3% of cancer is liver cancer and 29% of contagious disease is liver viral hepatitis. From ancient times Mongolians treated liver diseases and the liver diseases were classified into 18 types in traditional medical books and 26 kind of prescriptions included about 101 raw materials which are prepared from mineral, plant and animal resources used in traditional treatment.
Many species of the genus Gentiana takes the main position among the raw materials of medicines used for the treatment of liver diseases.
There are more than 20 species of the genus Gentiana ( Gentianaceae), growing in Mongolian territory and 8 species of Gentiana, including Gentiana barbata (Froel), G. decumbens (L), G. macrophylla (Pall), G. algida (Pall), G. acuta (Michx), G. uniflora (Georgi), G. azurium Bunge, G. pulmonaria Turz have been phytochemically and pharmacologically investigated.
Gentiana species contain bio-active compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, organic acids, terpenoids and Mongolian researchers have extensively studied chemical composition of these plants since 1980. Flavonoid isoorientin was isolated from G. algida on the result of the chemical investigation done by Zorig et al. for the first time (1) and up to now more than 50 compounds, including 27 xanthons, 11 iridoids, 15 flavonoids, 3 organic acids have been isolated and identified by researchers of Chemical Institute, MAS, Institute of Traditional Medicine, and other institutes in Mongolia (Table 1).
Table 1. Isolated compounds from Gentiana species growing in Mongolia.
| Investigatede species | Xanthons | Secoiridois | Flavonoids | Organic acids |
| aglycons | glucosides | aglycons | glucosides |
| Gentiana barbata | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Gentiana macrophylla | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Gentiana decumbens | - | - | 2 | - | 4 | - |
| Gentiana algida | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Gentiana acuta | 3 | 3 | 1 | - | 3 | 1 |
| Gentiana uniflora | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Gentiana azurium | 4 | 2 | 3 | - | 1 | - |
| Gentiana pulmonaria | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Total | 12 | 15 | 11 | 3 | 12 | 3 |
| 27 | 11 | 15 | 3 |
Among these isolated compounds, xanthons are the main components and have attracted considerable attention and 27 xanthons isolated from above mentioned Gentiana apecies are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Xanthons from Gentiana species.
| Compounds | G. barbata | G. acuta | G. uniflora | G. azurium | G. pulmonaria |
| 1-Hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthon | + | | | | + |
| 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthon | + | | + | | + |
| 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-8-methoxyxanthon | | | | + | |
| 1,3,5,8-Tetramethoxyxanthon | | + | | | |
| 1,5,8-Trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthon | | + | | + | |
| 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyxanthon | | + | | | |
| 7-O-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-1-hydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthon | + | | | | |
| 1-O-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthon | + | | | | + |
| 1-O-β-D-Primverosyl-3,7,8-dimethoxyxanthon | + | | | | |
| 1-O-Primverosyl-7-hydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthon | + | | + | | |
| 2-C-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthon | | + | | | |
| 8-O-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthon | | + | | | |
| 8-O-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthon | | + | | | |
| 1-O-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-7-hydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthon | + | | | | |
| 1-O-β-Glucopiranosylxanthon | + | | | | |
| 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthon | | | | + | |
| 1-O-β-D-Glucopiranosyl-3,5-dihydroxy-8-methoxyxanthon | | | | + | |
| 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-8-methoxy-1-O-β-D-glucopiranosylxanthon | + | | | + | |
| 1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-acetoxy-8-acetyl-O-β-D-fructofuranosylxanthon | | | | | + |
| 1-Gentiobiosid-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthon | | | | | + |
| Total | 9 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
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Piśmiennictwo
1. Zorig O., Ouyngerel Z., Maslo O.: Isoorientin from Gentiana algida, Chem. Prir. Soed. 1980, 2, 253. 2. Chun-Nan-Lin: Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of xanthone deriatives. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1996, 48. 532. 3. Khishgee D.: Phytochemical investigation of 2 species of Gentiana used in Mongolian Traditional Medicine. Doctor Thesis, Med Univ. Ullan Baatar, Mongolia 1995, 36. 4. Tserendulam L.: Chemical and chemico-technological investigation of some species of the genus Bupleurum L. Doctor Thesis, Med Univ. Ullan Baatar, 1996. 5. Ouyngerel Z., Tserendulam L., Ambaga M., Dolgorsuren T.: Investigation of some hepatoprotective compounds. Conference Raport 27, Ullan Baatar, 1993, 90.
