Dwie niezależne grupy badaczy wykazały, że podanie egzogennej leptyny przyspiesza dojrzewanie seksualne myszy oraz szczura (25, 26, 27). U transgenicznych myszy z nadekspresją genu Ob obserwowano znaczące przyspieszenie dojrzewania płciowego (28).
Podanie egzogennej leptyny w czasie niedożywienia wyraźnie poprawiało czynności rozrodcze (29).
Głównym obszarem działania leptyny w regulacji bilansu energetycznego oraz procesu reprodukcji są jądra podwzgórza, w których następuje modyfikacja czynnościowa (aktywacja lub zahamowanie) neuronów biorących udział w regulacji tych procesów. U dorosłych szczurów leptyna stymuluje uwalnianie gonadoliberyny (GnRH) z podzwgórza (30).
Brak jest jednak dowodów na bezpośrednie działanie leptyny na neurony GnRH, ponieważ dotychczas nie udało się stwierdzić obecności na nich funkcjonalnego receptora leptyny. Jedynie w unieśmiertelnionej linii neuronów GnRH (linia GT1-7) zidentyfikowano długą formę receptora leptyny (31). Badania prowadzone metodą podwójnej hybrydyzacji in situ na obecność genu receptora leptyny w podwzgórzu myszy, szczura, owcy oraz małpy wykazały, że receptor ten jest obecny między innymi na neuronach: proopiomelanokortynowych, neuropeptydu Y oraz oreksynowych, natomiast brak ich na neuronach GnRH (32, 33).
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