© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 5/2013, s. 346-350
Danuta Pabijasz, *Urszula Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, Halina Woś
Ocena przepuszczalności jelitowej na podstawie stężenia zonuliny u dzieci z nieswoistymi zapaleniami jelit
Evaluation of intestinal permeability on the basis of zonulin levels, in children with inflammatory bowel disease
The Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia, Gastroenterology Unit, Upper-Silesian Child Health Care Centre, Katowice
Head of Department: prof. Halina Woś, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Nieswoistym zapaleniom jelit u dzieci nierzadko towarzyszą inne zaburzenia o charakterze autoimmunologicznym, a bóle brzucha, niedobór masy ciała i zaburzenia wzrastania występują również w celiakii oraz alergii na pokarmy. W patogenezie tych chorób rozważa się udział zwiększonej przepuszczalności jelitowej.
Cel. Celem pracy jest ocena częstości występowania celiakii i alergii na pokarmy u dzieci z nieswoistymi zapaleniami jelit oraz określenie ich korelacji z poziomem zonuliny w surowicy krwi.
Materiały i metody. Analizą objęto 71 dzieci w wieku od 4 do 18 lat w aktywnej fazie choroby Leśniowskiego-Crohna i wrzodziejącego zapalenia jelita grubego. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 32 dzieci w tym samym wieku bez objawów ze strony przewodu pokarmowego. W grupie dzieci chorych wykonano: IgA, IgG, stężenie IgA tTG lub IgA EmA (przy niskich wartościach IgA całkowitego zostały pobrane IgG tTG bądź IgG EmA), IgE całkowite oraz IgE specyficzne na wybrane alergeny pokarmowe. U wszystkich dzieci oznaczono ilościowo zonulinę w surowicy krwi.
Wyniki. W badanej grupie chorych z nieswoistymi zapaleniami jelit nie stwierdzono celiakii, natomiast w przypadku atopii stwierdzono podwyższony poziom zonuliny oraz istotnie dodatnią korelację pomiędzy stężeniem zonuliny a IgE całkowitym.
Wnioski. Podwyższone stężenie zonuliny u dzieci z atopią w przebiegu nieswoistych zapaleń jelit potwierdza jej rolę jako biomarkera przepuszczalności jelitowej. Pomiar jej stężenia u dzieci z nieswoistymi zapaleniami jelit w przyszłości może stanowić również jeden z nieinwazyjnych testów wykorzystywanych w praktyce w ocenie stanu błony śluzowej jelita.
Summary
Introduction. Non-specific inflammatory bowel disease in children is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, additionally abdominal pain, weight loss and growth disturbance occur in celiac disease and food allergies. In the pathogenesis of these diseases the impact of increased intestinal permeability is considered. The aim of the study is an assessment of an incidence of celiac disease and food allergy in children with inflammatory bowel disease and determination of their correlation with serum zonulin levels.
Materials and methods. The analysis included 71 children in age from 4 to 18 years with the active form of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The control group consisted of 32 children in the same age range without gastrointestinal symptoms. In the group of examined children immunological tests were performed to diagnose celiac disease and food allergy. In all children, quantitative determination of the zonulin in the serum was made.
Results. In the examined group of patients with inflammatory bowel disease celiac disease has not occurred, while in the case of atopic increased zonulin levels and significantly positive correlation between serum zonulin levels and total IgE was found.
Conclusions. Increased zonulin levels among children with atopic in the course of inflammatory bowel disease confirm its use as a serum biomarker of intestinal permeability. In the future, measurement of its levels among children with inflammatory bowel disease may also be one of non-invasive tests used in practice in the evaluation of the intestinal mucosa.
INTRODUCTION
Inflammatory bowel disease in children is often associated with other autoimmune disorders. Additionally, an abdominal pain, weight loss and growth disturbance occur in celiac disease, food allergies and also in IBD (1, 2). In the pathogenesis of these diseases the impact of increased intestinal permeability is considered (3). In recent years the diagnosis of celiac disease has been extended by assessment of serum zonulin levels. Zonulin is a mediator which mediates in physiological movement of molecules from the intestinal lumen by relaxation of tight junctions (4-6). These cell junctions belong to occluding junctions – zonula occludens (ZO). These structures reduce passage of harmful particles into the mucosa. Under conditions of excessive secretion of zonulin increased movement of macromolecules through the intestinal mucosa may cause immunization leading to intestinal and extraintestinal autoimmune diseases, what is genetically determined (7-9).
Until now, three ways of transepithelial transport were identified. These are: the transcellular way – through the surface of the enterocyte; the paracellular way – through intercellular connections, in which zonulin is involved; and the way through dendritic cells. In recent years, the hypothesis that the increased intestinal permeability is the basis in inflammatory process of IBD are put forward (10, 11).
It has been shown that due to a direct effect of gluten on intestinal mucosa in acute celiac disease the increase in zonulin activity occurs. In this case the zonulin release depends on MyD88 factor (mylloid differentiation factor). The increase in zonulin activity causes a direct flow of gliadin and other antigens into the intestinal mucosa (12, 13). Also, in patients with acute celiac disease the results of immunofluorescence studies on intestinal tissue showed increased zonulin levels in the submucosal layer (14).
There is a growing trend of allergies in recent years (15, 16). In the literature, the impact of food allergy on the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is considered. This is explained by the increase in the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, and easier penetration of different antigens through the intestinal barrier and excitation of immune response (17, 18).
Histological changes in the course of allergy in the gastrointestinal tract are seen as the increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the epithelium of the intestine, the result of this is a deepening of crypts and a progressive villous atrophy. Morphological abnormalities of intestinal villi have an impact on their absorption functions, what gives symptoms of malabsorption syndrome (19).
AIM
The aim of the study was an evaluation of prevalence of food allergy and celiac disease in children with inflammatory bowel disease and determination of their correlation with serum zonulin levels.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analysis included 71 children with active IBD, average age – 12.9 years: 36 children (17 girls and 19 boys; average age – 13,36 years) with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 35 children (17 girls and 18 boys; average age – 12.44 years) with ulcerative colitis (UC).
The diagnosis was made using Porto criteria (20).
The control group consisted of 32 children without gastrointestinal symptoms (14 girls and 18 boys, average age – 12.09 years) classified for planned laryngological procedures. After legal guardians got familiar with the information concerning the nature of procedure and agreed in writing to its performance the study was conducted. Planned work received the positive opinion from the Bioethics Commission of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice. All patients were subjected to subjective and physical examination.
To diagnose celiac disease and food allergy in examined group of children with CD and UC following immunological studies were performed:
1. Evaluation of IgA, IgG by immunoturbidimetric metod. In the interpretation of the results standards for age were applied.
2. tTG IgA levels by ELISA (standards: < 20 EU/ml negative result; 20-25 EU/ml questionable result, > 25 EU/ml positive result) or IgA EMA by indirect immunofluorescence (at low values for age the total IgA, tTG IgG or IgG EmA were used).
3. Total IgE levels determined by chemiluminescence. In the interpretation of the results standards for age were applied.
4. Specific IgE for selected food allergens (milk, wheat flour, egg white and egg yolk) determined by chemiluminescence. Reagents produced by DPC Krakow. Standard < 0.35 kU/l.
In all patients and in the control group: quantification of serum zonulin levels was performed using a set for research purposes – the Zonulin ELISA kit from Immundiagnostik. Determination of zonulin in serum was performed using 1cm3 blood sample collected for other examination. The serum was diluted 1:2 with extraction buffer (EXBUF), and the results of zonulin levels (expressed in units of ng/ml) were read from the curve defined by the calibration.
The results of zonulin levels were compared to control group.
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Piśmiennictwo
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