© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 10/2013, s. 730-736
*Iwona Repka1, Jerzy Wordliczek2
Stan emocjonalny a jakość życia osób z przewlekłym bólem neuropatycznym
Emotional state versus quality of life of patients with chronic neuropathic pain
1Department of Clinical Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences,
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków
Head of Department: Maria Kózka, MD
2Department of Internal Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków
Head of Department: Tomasz Grodzicki, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Ból neuropatyczny stanowi poważny problem w medycynie przede wszystkim ze względu na znaczny stopień natężenia oraz oporność na tradycyjne leczenie, co wpływa na funkcjonowanie fizyczne, psychiczne oraz psychospołeczne człowieka i zmienia jego jakość życia.
Cel pracy. Celem badań było poznanie związku pomiędzy oceną bólu a poziomem akceptacji i stanem psychicznym chorych z bólem neuropatycznym oraz z przewlekłym bólem kręgosłupa, objętych opieką stacjonarną.
Materiał i metody. Badaniem objęto 160 chorych z bólem przewlekłym, obojga płci, w przedziale wiekowym od 25 do 85 roku życia. Spośród badanych osób wyodrębniono dwie grupy. Pierwszą grupę – BN (n = 100), stanowili chorzy z zespołami bólowymi, takimi jak: neuralgia nerwów czaszkowych, neuropatie obwodowe, wieloobjawowe zespoły bólu miejscowego. Do drugiej grupy badawczej (PBK) zakwalifikowano pacjentów z przewlekłym bólem kręgosłupa, w liczbie 60. Ocenę stanu emocjonalnego weryfikowano za pomocą skali HADS-M. Natomiast jakość życia oraz jej poszczególne domeny weryfikowano za pomocą skali WHOQOL-BREF.
Wnioski. Analiza zebranego materiału potwierdziła wpływ stanu emocjonalnego na poziom akceptacji choroby, jakość życia i jej poszczególne wymiary w obu badanych grupach.
Wyniki. Badania własne potwierdzają wpływ stanu psychicznego chorego na modulację poziomu bólu i jakości życia.
Summary
Introduction. Chronic neuropathic pain is a serious in medicine, primarily due to a significant degree of intensity of pain and resistance to traditional treatment, which affects the functioning of the physical, psychological, human’s social function and creates his quality of life.
Aim. The purpose of the work was to the relationship between pain perception of the patient’s psychological condition with neuropathic pain and the chronic of back pain, under of the stationary care.
Material and methods. Hundred-sixty patients with chronic pain, the study comprised patients of both sexes, and their age range from 25-85 years. Tested patients were divided into two groups. The first group of BN (n = 100), included patients with pain syndrome, such as: cranial neuralgia symptoms, peripheral neuropathies, complex regional pain syndrome. The second research group (PBK), included patients with chronic pain of back, the number to 60. Assessment of the state of emotional using the scale of the HADS-M. However, the quality of life and individual domains were assessed using the scale of the WHOQOL-BREF.
Results. Analysis of the harvested material of its own, has confirmed the impact of emotional state on the quality of life, the overall perception of the health, quality of life and its various dimensions of hospitalized patients.
Conclusions. Own research, confirms the equivalence of the patient’s psychological condition in modulation level of pain and quality of life.
INTRODUCTION
The most recent knowledge considering different mechanisms of neuropathic pain induction gives a possibility to establish an individual strategy of therapeutic treatment leading to entire or at least partial pain relief. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) recommends a multi-disciplinary treatment in cases of patients suffering from chronic pain. In order to improve dexterity and quality of lives of patients, not only does IASP emphasise the somatic aspects of treatment, but also it gives weight to its psychological, social, recreational and vocational aspects (1, 2).
According to the definition, pain is a multi-factorial phenomenon which ought to be analysed taking biomedical, psychosocial and behavioural factors into consideration (3). In cases of patients suffering from chronic pain, psychological treatment is also considered. This type of chronic pain treatment includes behavioural therapy which influences an overall pain reception and can help in restoring functionality and improve the quality of life. Moreover, it is focused on motivating patients by complying with the therapeutical recommendations and by active involvement of a unit (4). An interdisciplinary therapy is the most successful (5, 6). In order to eliminate pain, one should take different methods of therapy into account, including pharmaceutical, invasive and physical methods, additionally with methods that are supported with elements of psychology and that satisfy individual needs of patients (7-10). What is more, one should take alternative methods into consideration (11).
Estimation of the subjective and objective quality of life comprises all indexes mentioned above and it emphasises a relationship between objective conditions of living and an individual, subjective evaluation of them. When defining quality of life one should distinguish between the overall quality of life (QOL) which references the general well-being of individuals in their daily lives, including biological, psychological, interpersonal, social, cultural, economical and ecological quality and the quality determined by the health conditions (12).
According to Levine and Croog the main components of conceptualisation are performance of all the social roles, estimation of the physical state, estimation of the emotional state, intellectual functioning and general satisfaction and good mood (12).
A chronic disease causes patients’ adaptation to the disease. The shift of the response is one of the most important mediators of the process of adaptation. It is related to the internal changes (standards, values and conceptualisation of the quality of life). Integration of the changes in the response to the quality of life lets us understand its influence on the state of health and evaluation of changes. It is health-related, it depends on individual features, on mechanisms supporting accepting changes of the health state and changes of self-understanding, taking internal standards and values or conceptualisation into account (13).
When discussing quality of life one cannot ignore the role of a successful coping with life circumstances of a disease that are dramatically becoming worse in time. Effectiveness in coping with a disease is essential in controlling stress reactions and the self-perception as a confirmation of effectiveness and resistance. Elaborating different, successful ways of dealing with stress, a patient is able to decrease the level of negative emotions (fear and anxiety) and to improve abilities of increasing subjectively sensed well-being of an individual (14).
Ware et al. suggest that different elements of health condition, including psychological and social components, as well as physical aspects may be regarded as independent dimensions. On the other hand, one may assume that these dimensions are functionally related (12).
Nowadays quality of human life is the most prevailing criterion of a medical therapy. The development of different disciplines requires an overall attempt to this phenomenon. Different dependences and interrelationships between different fields of quality of life are distinguished in order to separate individualistic dissimilarities (15, 16).
Suffering is the medical exponent of pain. It is a psychological component of behaviour induced by pain. Development of sensations related to pain consists of two elements: an emotional component (negative emotions, pain is regarded as distress and grief) and a cognitive element (the one that informs what can be damaged). In the case of formation of the emotional component of pain experience gained early during childhood have a great influence on the process (17-19).
AIM
This research project was carried among patients experiencing chronic pain and aimed at understanding a relationship between depression, fear, aggression and quality of life with all its components.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The research project was performed in Department of Pain Therapy and Palliative Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College. The studies were performed on 160 patients suffering from chronic pain. The group BN (n = 100) consisted of patients suffering from pain syndromes, such as: neuralgies of cranial neurones, peripheral neuropathies, polysymptomatic syndromes of local pain. Among analysed cases there were also 60 patients suffering from chronic spinal pain (PBK). All the studies were performed in accordance with Bioethical Commission of Jagiellonian University (KBET/130/B/2007), each patient and every institution signed an agreement. Following methodological criteria were accepted: both male and female patients were examined, patients were of the age between 25 and 85, they had been suffering from chronic pain since at least 6 months and they were treated in a systematic, planned way.
The studies were divided into two stages. The first phase (during registration in a hospital ward) was aimed at delivering information about the intensity of pain, its type before a certain therapy was appointed and estimation of living circumstances and conditions. The second stage was aimed at evaluating all the parameters mentioned above after a week of hospitalisation.
The same research tools were used in both studied groups:
1. Modified Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-M) created by Zigmond and Snaith. It was linguistically and psychometrically adapted to the polish conditions by K de Walden-Gałuszko, G. Chojnacka-Szawłowska and M. Majkowicz at the University of Gdańsk. Additional modifications were aimed at creating a model of negative, emotional reactions such as fear, depression and aggression in response to difficult and stressful situation (20, 21).
2. The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) is a short questionnaire containing 26 entries, two of which concern general quality of life and health, whereas, 24 other items are related to four domains: physical, mental, social and environmental. WHOQOL-BREF version was based on WHOQOL-100 and it was adapted to polish conditions by a group of researchers from the Medical Academy in Poznań in 1997. The scale (Saxen 1997) was created on the basis of the definition of WHO and it emphasises multi-dimensionality and subjectivism of the quality of life (22, 23).
The obtained results were statistically analysed using STATISTICA 10 version PL and MS Office Excel. In the analysis of the relationships between the variables, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used. In order to compare two groups, U Mann-Whitney’s test was involved. Whereas, when comparing many different groups, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA rang was employed. In all the analyses the effects were assumed statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS
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