© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 4/2014, s. 221-224
*Monika Pogorzała1, 2*, Bogdan Małkowski3, 4*, Jan Styczyński1, 2, Mariusz Wysocki1, 2
Diagnostyczne obrazowanie guzów mózgu u dzieci przy pomocy pozytonowej emisyjnej tomografii z zastosowaniem znakowanej 18F-tyrozyny
Diagnostic imaging of brain tumors in children with O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine positron emission tomography
(*) Both Authors contributed equally to the study
1Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz
Head of Department: prof. Mariusz Wysocki, MD, PhD
2Jurasz University Hospital, Bydgoszcz
Director: Jacek Kryś, MSc
3Department of Positron Emission Tomography and Molecular Diagnostics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz
Head of Department: Bogdan Małkowski, MD
4Oncology Centre, prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz
Director: Zbigniew Pawłowicz, MD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Diagnostyka obrazowa odgrywa zasadniczą rolę w diagnozowaniu nowotworów ośrodkowego układu nerwowego.
Cel pracy. Celem badania była ocena przydatności diagnostycznej badania PET-CT z użyciem znakowanej tyrozyny (18F-FET) u pacjentów z guzami ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN).
Materiał i metody. Wykonano łącznie 34 badania FET-PET u 22 chorych (mediana wieku 10,3 roku; zakres 3,0-17,7 roku) ze stwierdzoną w badaniu MRI obecnością guza w obrębie struktur OUN. Oceniano stopień (ang. standard uptake value – SUV) oraz dynamikę wychwytu znakowanej tyrozyny (zmiany SUV pomiędzy 10 a 60 minutą badania) w ogniskach podejrzewanych o charakter rozrostowy. Wyniki zostały odniesione do rozpoznania histopatologicznego i/lub lokalizacji guza. U części chorych powtórne badanie FET-PET służyło do oceny odpowiedzi na leczenie.
Wyniki. Wychwyt znacznika przemawiający za obecnością procesu rozrostowego stwierdzono u 86% chorych. U 3 pacjentów zmiany ogniskowe w obrębie OUN nie wykazywały wychwytu tyrozyny. U dzieci z potwierdzonymi glejakami na podstawie dynamiki wychwytu znacznika oszacowano stopień złośliwości guza, obserwując w 5 przypadkach na 6 zgodność z oceną histologiczną (100% w przypadku LGG, 66,7% w HGG). W guzach pnia mózgu bez weryfikacji histologicznej (4 pacjentów) obserwowana dynamika zmian w badaniu FET-PET korelowała z przebiegiem klinicznym.
Wnioski. Wstępna analiza wyników FET-PET wskazuje na dużą przydatność tego badania w diagnostyce obrazowej guzów OUN, monitorowaniu przebiegu choroby oraz prognozowaniu stopnia złośliwości w przypadku guzów niezweryfikowanych histopatologicznie.
Summary
Introduction. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of brain tumors.
Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging based on the use of O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine (18F-FET) radiotracer in patients with brain tumors.
Material and methods. Thirty four FET-PET scans were performed in 22 patients (median age 10.3 years; range 3.0-17.7 years) with the diagnosis of brain tumor based on previously performed MRI scans. The focal acquisition of radiotracer and the SUV (standard uptake value) dynamics (change of uptake between 10 and 60 min after radiotracer injection) were measured. FET-PET uptake results were referred to histological diagnosis and/or tumor location. Some patients had repeated FET-PET scan in order to evaluate the treatment response.
Results. Increased FET uptake representative for malignant brain tumor was observed in 86% of patients. No FET uptake was observed in three patients. Based on the kinetic analysis of FET uptake we assessed the malignancy degree of suspected tumors finding compliance in 5 of 6 children with confirmed histological diagnosis of gliomas (compliance of 100% in low-grade gliomas, 66.7% in high-grade gliomas). The kinetics of radiotracer uptake was correlated with the clinical course in four children with brain stem tumors without histological confirmation.
Conclusions. These preliminary results indicate that FET-PET is a potentially effective method to identify malignant brain lesions, to monitor the disease course and predict the malignancy degree of lesions with unknown histology, based on kinetic analysis of FET uptake. Further studies are warranted.
Introduction
Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Non-invasive, high-resolution techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are nowadays routinely used in diagnostics of this type of malignancy. MRI has evolved as the most important diagnostic tool for assessing brain neoplasm due to its excellent soft tissue contrast and multiplanar reconstruction capabilities (1). Although morphologic assessment by MRI is precise, it lacks specificity and does not allow for easy determination of tumor activity and metabolism.
Positron emission tomography (PET), a metabolic imaging modality widely used in systemic cancer in general oncology, may be a valuable tool for obtaining additional data and for better treatment of patients with glioma. Molecular imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET allows information on tumor metabolism to be gained, identifying zones of highest activity and determining the extension of increased growth activity. PET with FDG may be useful in estimating tumor grade and prognosis of gliomas, but the delineation of the tumor extent is difficult because of high glucose metabolism in the cerebral cortex (2). However, PET with FDG is unreliable at predicting the neoplasmatic nature of a lesion, because of unspecific uptake in inflammation and in relatively benign tumors and high normal brain uptake. Thus, in contrast to MRI, metabolic imaging with PET has gained only a limited role in the diagnostic evaluation of gliomas.
O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) is a new PET tracer that fulfills all requirements for routine clinical application, similar to the widely used 18F-FDG (3). Although this amino acid is not incorporated into proteins, uptake by tumor cells is stereospecific and mediated by amino acid transporters (4). The initial results are promising and indicate that FET-PET is a valuable and applicable tool for the imaging of high-grade glioma (5). Uptake of radiolabeled amino acids is increased in approximately two thirds of low-grade glioma, and a prognostic role for amino acid PET in low-grade glioma has been proposed (6).
Aim
The objective of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) using O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine (18F-FET) in children with brain tumors.
Material and methods
Patients
Thirty four FET-PET scans were performed in 22 patients (median age 10.3 years; range 3.0-17.7 years) with the diagnosis of brain tumor based on previously performed MRI scans. The focal acquisition of radiotracer and the uptake dynamics (change of uptake between 10 and 60 min after injection) were measured. FET-PET uptake results were referred to histological diagnosis and/or tumor location. Some patients had repeated FET-PET scan in order to evaluate the treatment response.
FET-PET
O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) was synthesized in our laboratory using R&D Synchrom module (Raytest) in the two-step method. Synthesis of 18F-FET was accomplished in about 50 min with an overall radiochemical yield of 20%. Radiochemical purity was controlled by HPLC analysis.
The patient was fasted for at least six hours before scanning PET/CT to keep the same imagining conditions. Imaging was performed on whole-body high-resolution PET/CT scanners: Biograph 6 and Biograph mCT 128. Since FET accumulates in tumor tissue and normal brain tissue within 10-15 minutes after injection and remains relatively stable thereafter PET images were acquired at two time points: 10 and 60 minutes after intravenous injection of 350 ± 20 MBq FET.
18F-FET uptake in the tissue was expressed as standardized uptake value (SUV) by dividing the radioactivity (Bq/mL) in the tissue by the radioactivity injected per body weight.
Diagnosis of brain tumors
Diagnostics of brain tumors in children included MRI, FET-PET, and tumor biopsy, if surgical intervention was possible. The results of histology, wherever possible, was regarded as a gold standard in analysis.
In the analysis of the discriminative value of 18F-FET-PET imaging parameters in patients with newly diagnosed cerebral lesions suspicious for brain tumors, kinetics of 18F-FET-PET was evaluated (7, 8). High-grade gliomas (HGG) are characterized by an early peak of the time-activity curve at 10-15 minutes after tracer injection, followed by a decrease of 18F-FET uptake. In contrast, slightly and steadily increasing time activity curves frequently suggest low-grade gliomas (LGG).
Results
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Piśmiennictwo
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