© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 10/2014, s. 684-687
*Magdalena Grajewska-Ferens1, Joanna Cielecka-Kuszyk2
Zastosowanie biopsji cienkoigłowej w diagnostyce guzków tarczycy
The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules
1Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw
Head of Department: Beata Pyrżak, MD, PhD
2Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw
Head of Department: prof. Bogumiła Litwińska, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Biopsja cienkoigłowa (FNA) jest inwazyjną, jednak stosunkowo prostą i niedrogą procedurą medyczną łatwo wykonywaną w warunkach przychodni bez konieczności hospitalizacji pacjenta. Ma zastosowanie głównie w diagnozie wyczuwalnych palpacyjnie guzków, w szczególności guzków tarczycy. Badanie cytologiczne aspirowanego materiału pozwala na wykrycie zmian towarzyszących zapaleniu tarczycy, hiperlazji i wola koloidalnego, jak również zmian nowotworowych o podłożu nabłonkowym, limfoidalnym i zmian metaplastycznych.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była analiza wyników biopsji cienkoigłowej guzków tarczycy u dzieci, użyteczność FNAB przy wyborze odpowiedniego leczenia i korelacja wyników cytologicznych z wynikami histopatologicznymi pooperacyjnymi tarczycy.
Materiał i metody. Trzydziestu siedmiu pacjentów (33 dziewczynki i 4 chłopców) hospitalizowanych w Oddziale Endokrynologii i Pediatrii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego zostało zakwalifikowanych do FNA z powodu palpacyjnie wykrytych guzków tarczycy. Wiek chorych wynosił od 7 do 18 lat. Zmiany mikroskopowe były opisywane w zależności od obrazu cytologicznego, stosując kryteria diagnostyczne według skali Bethesda.
Wyniki. Większość pacjentów wykazywała zmiany łagodne określone jako 2 stopień skali Bethesda (31/37 pacjentów). U jednego pacjenta materiał pobrany za pomocą FNAB był niediagnostyczny, 2 pacjentów wykazywało zmiany atypowe określone jako 2 stopień skali Bethesda, a 3 pozostałych pacjentów zmiany rakowe określone jako 5 i 6 stopień wg skali Bethesda. Zmiany łagodne i rakowe rozpoznane za pomocą FNAB zostały potwierdzone w materiale histopatologicznym pooperacyjnym.
Wnioski. W pracy wykazano, że głównym celem tej metody jest umożliwienie diagnostyki różnicowej pomiędzy łagodnymi i złośliwymi zmianami w tarczycy, co w konsekwencji ułatwia podjęcie decyzji odnośnie leczenia i ewentualnego zabiegu chirurgicznego.
Summary
Introduction. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a simple, inexpensive, easily performed outpatient procedure which can provide a rapid diagnosis. It is eminently suitable for the investigation of superficial palpable lesions in many sites, including the thyroid gland. Cytological examination of aspirated material can detect thyroiditis, toxic hyperplasia and colloid goiters as well as neoplastic processes, epithelial, lymphoid and metastatic changes.
Aim. The aim of this study was the analysis of the results of FNAB in thyroid nodules in children, the usefulness of FNAB in the therapeutic procedures and comparison of the cytologic changes with the postoperative changes of the thyroid.
Material and methods. Thirty seven patients (33 females and 4 males) of the Clinical Department of Endocrinology and Pediatrics in the Warsaw University of Medicine, were qualified to FNA because of the presence of thyroid nodules. The age of patients varied from 7 to 18 years old. The microscopical changes were described according the cytological picture and graded by recommended diagnostic categories using Bethesda System.
Results. In most patients (31/37) the results of FNA were consistent with the grade 2 according to Bethesda System, in one patient with the grade 1, in two patients with the grade 3, in another two patients with the grade 5, and finally in one patient with the grade 6 corresponding to papillary carcinoma. The patients presented in the article did not follow the core needle biopsy, but we have demonstrated that in our group of patients FNA was a sensitive test. The results of FNA coincided with the histopathological results of surgical specimens.
Conclusions. We have demonstrated that the main purpose of this technique is to provide a differential diagnosis between benign and malignant changes enabling appropriate therapeutic management and the determination of the correct surgical procedure when surgery is required.
Introduction
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a simple, inexpensive, easily performed outpatient procedure which can provide a rapid diagnosis. It is eminently suitable for the investigation of superficial palpable lesions in many sites, including the thyroid gland. Thyroid FNA has a high diagnostic accuracy rate ~ about 90 to 100% and its role is either diagnostic or therapeutic (1). The main purpose of thyroid FNA is to provide a rational approach to management to determine the appropriate surgical procedure in cases of thyroid cancer. It is important in pre-operative diagnosis by identifying the disease process in both solitary nodules and in diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland. A specific diagnosis cannot always be arrived at as sampling is variable and not always representative, but the surgeon is provided with information which helps in deciding management options. Cytological examination of aspirated material can detect thyroiditis, toxic hyperplasia and colloid goiters as well as neoplastic processes, epithelial, lymphoid and metastatic changes. The Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology interpretations, was first developed at the National Center Institute (NCI) workshop in 1988 and widely adopted in the United States for reporting Papanicolaou test results (2). The notes and recommendations were updated in 2007 improving the clarity of communication among cytopathologists and other health care providers, predicting the cancer risk and reducing unnecessary surgery for patients with benign nodules (3). The 6 general diagnostic categories are shown in bold type in the table 1. Each of the categories has an implied cancer risk (ranging from 0 to 3% for the benign category to virtually 100% for the malignant category) that links it to a rational clinical management guideline.
Table 1. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cytopathology: Recommended Diagnostic Categories (2).
Diagnostic category |
Risk of malignancy |
Usual management |
I. Nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory | 0 | Repeat FNA with ultrasound |
Cyst fluid only | | |
Virtually acellular specimen | | |
Other (obscuring blood, clotting artifact, etc) | | |
II. Benign | 0-3 | Clinical follow-up |
Consistent with a benign follicular nodule (includes adenomatoid nodule, colloid nodule, etc.) | | |
Consistent with lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis in the proper clinical context | | |
Consistent with granulomatous (subacute) thyroiditis | | |
III. Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance | 5-15 | Repeat FNA |
IV. Follicular neoplasm/„suspicious” for follicular neoplasm Specify if Hürthle cell type | 15-30 | Surgical lobectomy |
V. Suspicious for malignancy | 60-75 | Near-total thyroidectomy or surgical lobectomy |
Suspicious for papillary carcinoma | | |
Suspicious for medullary carcinoma | | |
Suspicious for metastatic carcinoma | | |
Suspicious for lymphoma | | |
VI. Malignant | 97-99 | Near-total thyroidectomy |
Papillary thyroid carcinoma | | |
Poorly differentiated carcinoma | | |
Medullary thyroid carcinoma | | |
Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma | | |
Squamous cell carcinoma | | |
Carcinoma with mixed features | | |
Metastatic | | |
FNA – fine needle aspiration
AIM
The aim of this study was the analysis of the results of FNAB in thyroid nodules in children, the usefulness of FNAB in the theeupeutic precedures and comparison of the cytologic changes with the postoperative changes of the thyroid.
Material and methods
Thirty seven patients (33 females and 4 males) of the Clinical Department of Endocrinology and Pediatrics in the Warsaw University of Medicine, were qualified to the fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) because of the presence of thyroid nodules. The age of patients varied from 7 to 18 years old. The material obtained by FNA was immediately fixed in 96% ethanol with naphthol ether (1:1) and stained with Hematoxilin and Eosin. The microscopical changes were described according the cytological picture and graded by recommended diagnostic categories using Bethesda System (tab. 1). The results of FNA have been compared with the histopathological examination of the specimens after lobectomy and total thyroidectomy.
Results
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Piśmiennictwo
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