© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 10/2014, s. 714-717
*Katarzyna Domosławska-Żylińska, Beata Pyrżak
Poziom samooceny i poziom ogólnego zadowolenia z życia wśród młodzieży z nadwagą i otyłością
Self-esteem and life satisfaction in overweight and obese adolescents
Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw
Head of Department: Beata Pyrżak, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Otyłość wśród nastolatków to coraz poważniejszy problem na całym świecie. Nadmiar masy ciała prowadzi do licznych problemów fizjologicznych i psychicznych. Strefa psychiczna jest szczególnie istotna, ponieważ w czasie dorastania budowana jest tożsamość młodego człowieka.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy było zbadanie poziomu samooceny i poziomu ogólnego zadowolenia z życia wśród młodzieży z nadwagą i otyłością.
Materiał i metody. W badaniu wzięło udział 149 osób (76 w grupie badanej – z nadwagą/otyłością, 73 w grupie kontrolnej – z prawidłową masą ciała), w wieku od 14 do 17 lat. Do zbadania poziomu samooceny wykorzystano skalę samooceny SES M. Rosenberga w polskiej adaptacji Dzwonkowskiej, Lachowicz-Tabaczek i Łaguny. Do oceny ogólnego zadowolenia z życia użyto drabiny Cantrila.
Wyniki. Młodzież z nadwagą i otyłością charakteryzowała się obniżoną samooceną (p = 0,001) oraz obniżonym poziomem ogólnego zadowolenia z życia (p = 0,000) w porównaniu do młodzieży z prawidłową masą ciała.
Wnioski. Ze względu na fakt, iż nadmiar masy ciała oprócz problemów zdrowia fizycznego niesie ze sobą problemy natury psychologicznej, do leczenia otyłości należy podchodzić w sposób kompleksowy.
Summary
Introduction. Teenage obesity is a growing problem worldwide. Obesity leads to the numerous physiological and mental disorders and the problem is important because adolescence is the time of identity-building.
Aim. The goal of this study was to examine the level of self-esteem and overall life satisfaction in overweight and obese adolescents.
Material and methods. 149 adolescents aged 14-17 years (76 overweight/obese group and 73 normal weight in control group) completed self-report measures of self-esteem and overall life satisfaction. As a measure of self-esteem we used the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in Polish adaptation. The Cantril ladder was used for assessment of overall life satisfaction.
Results. Overweight or obese adolescents have a statistically significantly lower level of self-esteem (p = 0.001) and a reduced level of life satisfaction (p = 0.000) as compared to normal-weight adolescents.
Conclusions. Excess body weight is not only a physical problem but also a mental one. It is therefore important to approach obesity in a complex way.
INTRODUCTION
Childhood and adulthood obesity is a growing problem in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries (1). Obesity leads to the many serious physiological complications such as: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia. It may also cause psychological disorders and social dysfunction (2-4).
Excess of fatty tissue significantly affects physical appearance, and therefore determines the way an obese persons are perceived in their social group. Each social group has its own beauty canons and body image standards (5). If someone’s appearance deviates from these norms he may become victim of discrimination, isolation and feel lack of understanding. He becomes „stigmatized” as defined by Erving Goffman, one of the leading sociologists of the late twentieth century (6).
Physical appearance and social acceptance are particularly important for young people. Adolescence is the time for building self-identity. Unpleasant experiences may have long-term consequences affecting adult life. Stigmatization experienced in the peer group may manifest in form of lower self-esteem and dissatisfaction with life. People with low self-esteem and low life satisfaction may become hypersensitive to criticism, they are non assertive, feel unwarranted guilt and are uncertain of their advantages (7-10).
AIM
The focus of this study was to examine the effect of adolescent obesity on self-esteem and life satisfaction.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Participants
The study included 149 participants aged 14 to 17 years; the study group consisted of 76 overweight or obese Polish adolescents, patients of Endocrinology and Pediatry Clinic in Warsaw. The control group comprised 73 normal weight adolescents. There were more girls than boys in each group (64% and 36% respectively). The majority of the study population were inhabitants of the city. In obese group the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 32.5; in the control group – 21.03. Characteristics of the participants are presented in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Characteristics of the participants in terms of age, gender, place of live and parents’ education.
| | Control group
(n = 73) | Overweight/obese group
(n = 76) |
| Age | 14-17 (M = 15.3; SD = 1.10) | 14-17 (M = 15.2; SD = 1.1) |
| Gender | Girls | 47 (64%) | 49 (64%) |
| Boys | 26 (36%) | 27 (36%) |
| Place of live | City | 54 (74%) | 55 (72%) |
| Countryside | 19 (26%) | 21 (28%) |
| Mothers education | Primary | 1 (1%) | 7 (9%) |
| Secondary | 26 (36%) | 37 (49%) |
| University | 46 (63%) | 31 (41%)* |
| Fathers education | Primary | 8 (11%) | 10 (14%) |
| Secondary | 30 (41%) | 34 (47%) |
| University | 35 (48%) | 28 (39%)** |
*n = 75, **n = 72
Table 2. Characteristics of the overweight/obese group (n = 76) in terms of overweight and obesity.
| | 85-94 centile | 95-96 centile | ≥ 97 centile |
| Total (n = 76) | 5 (7%) | 11 (14%) | 60 (79%) |
| Gender |
| Girls (n = 49) | 1 (2%) | 7 (14%) | 41 (84%) |
| Boys (n = 27) | 4 (15%) | 4 (15%) | 19 (70%) |
Self-esteem and overall life satisfaction
The Rosenberg self-esteem scale in the Polish adaptation of Dzwonkowska, Lachowicz-Tabaczek and Łaguna was used for measurement of adolescent self-esteem. The scale has 10 items rated on a 4-point scale from: „strongly disagree” to „strongly agree”. The minimum number of points to obtain is 10 and the maximum is 40. If values within the 0-24 range mean high self-esteem, the result of 25-32 means average and 33-40 very low self-esteem.
To assess overall life satisfaction we used the Cantril ladder which has steps from zero (bottom) to 10 (top). The top of the ladder represents the best possible life and the bottom of the ladder the worst possible life. Participants were to choose on which step of the ladder they feel they currently stand. Values < 6 mean lack of life satisfaction and ≥ 6 mean satisfaction with life.
RESULTS
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