Anna Jurczak1, Dorota Kościelniak1, Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga1, Iwona Kołodziej1, Jadwiga Ciepły1, Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk2, Monika Komasara3, Magdalena Wąsik3, Monika A. Papież4, *Wirginia Krzyściak3
Wpływ czynników socjoekonomicznych i żywieniowych na rozwój próchnicy wczesnej u dzieci w wieku 1-6 lat
Influence of socioeconomic and nutritional factors on the development of early childhood caries in children aged 1-6 years
1Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków
Head of Department: Anna Jurczak, MD, PhD
2Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw
Head of Department: prof. Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk, MD, PhD
3Department of Medical Diagnostics, Pharmacy Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków
Head of Department: Ryszard Drożdż, MD, PhD
4Department of Cytobiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków
Head of Department: prof. Gabriel Nowak, MD, PhD
Summary
Introduction. The high incidence of early childhood caries (ECC) highlights the need to analyze the causes.
Aim. Evaluation of the impact of diet and socioeconomic conditions on the risk of ECC development in children.
Material and methods. A group of 686 pediatric patients aged 1-6 from the University Dental Clinic in Krakow was examined for caries. The parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on the eating habits of children and on the sociodemographic factors.
Results. Children aged 1-2 from rural areas and average education of parents constitu-ted a significant factor affecting the intensity of ECC. Consumption of sugary foods at night increased the occurrence of caries by more than 3.5 times in 1–2-year-olds, and by 4 times in 5-year-olds. Frequent consumption of fruit juices and carbonated beverages had a significant impact on the occurrence of caries in 6-year-olds.
Conclusions. Dietary pattern is a major cause of ECC. The relationship between ECC and the place of residence, low parental education and poor economic status indicates the target group for intensive educational activities for the prevention of dental caries.
Introduction
The current definition of early childhood caries (ECC), proposed in 2013 by the World Health Organization and the American Dental Association, states it to be a pathological process of extracorporeal origin, which leads to decalcification and proteolytic degradation of the dental hard tissues. ECC is defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing due to caries, or filled teeth in children less than 6 years of age (exactly up to 71 months, i.e. 5 years and 11 months). Also, this is a multistep and multifactorial disease, which occurs because of the following causes:
– behavioral, psychosocial, and genetic factors,
– specific interactions occurring between microorganisms and the host,
– biochemical changes in the oral cavity, such as the metabolism of sugars from food to acids which decreases pH of the environment leading to enamel demineralization and formation of carious lesion.
Currently, in countries with a high prevalence of caries, the fundamental problem is the low value given in health care services toward prevention of diseases of the oral cavity. In Denmark, Germany, and Norway (where in 2013, the frequency of caries was estimated to be 24, 28.6 and 11%, respectively), health care services directed toward prevention/treatment are distributed on a 1:1 scale (1, 2) and in Poland, financing of services aimed at prevention in the aspect of health of the oral cavity is transient (3). Hence, Poland is in the forefront of countries with the highest proportion of children with caries: 84% among the compared European countries (4).
ECC is a serious health problem worldwide. Societies of the so-called Third World, developing, as well as the highly developed countries face this problem.
Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the causes of occurrence of ECC and the factors that increase the risk of its occurrence. Most of these studies focused primarily on the impact of nutritional eating habits of children and their families on the occurrence of ECC. Socioeconomic factors such as income, lifestyle, and availability of health care have an equally significant impact on the risk of ECC development. In this study, particular attention was paid to the consumption of carbonated beverages, snacking on sugary foods at night, and the methods of infant feeding. Furthermore, among the socioeconomic factors, place of residence, parents’ education, and material condition of the families were subjected to analysis.
Aim
Aim of our study was the evaluation of the impact of diet and socioeconomic conditions on the risk of ECC development in children.
Material and methods
This study was conducted between 2010 and 2013 and included 686 pediatric patients (clinical evaluation) and their legal guardians (interview) from the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the University Dental Clinic in Krakow, Poland. Before analyzing the results, the study group was divided into four age categories (90: 1–2-year-olds, 291: 3–4-year-olds, 138: 5-year-olds, and 167: 6-year-olds). In a clinical evaluation of patients with oral cavities, the presence of tooth decay in deciduous and permanent teeth (d/D), number of teeth removed due to caries (m/M), and number of filled teeth (f/F) were assessed. This study describes the indexes of caries (dmf/DMF) and caries prevalence, and was conducted following the criteria established by the World Health Organization for the diagnosis of ECC (5) and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II (6) ((d/D) was considered to be ≥ 3 in ICDAS II) under artificial lighting using a dental mirror (Kavo Lux 1415, Germany) and a periodontal probe (WHO LM 8-550 B XSI, LM, USA). ECC was dichotomized as absent or present. The examiners used appropriate equipment to protect against individual cross-infection, with all necessary instruments and materials being packed and sterilized. The DMF index (D – decayed; M – missing; F – filled teeth) for permanent teeth and the dmf index (d – decayed; m – missing; f – filled teeth) for primary teeth because of dental caries were calculated.
This study was conducted by qualified dentists (internal examiners) with many years of experience in epidemiological studies of the oral cavity. One team consisting of six researchers (two examiners and four assistants) was installed at each health care unit (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow). Prior to the clinical work, the examiners underwent a calibration and training exercise for the diagnosis of ECC and DDE (diffuse opacity, demarcated opacity, and enamel hypoplasia) based on standards developed by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 2014 (7-11).
The calibration exercise consisted of three stages. The theoretical stage involved a discussion of the criteria for the diagnosis of DDE (12) and ECC and the participants analyzed case studies and an oral clinical examination (OCE) to demonstrate their proficiency in diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical care. A specialist in pediatric dentistry was the mentor and partner in the theoretical framework and coordinated this step, instructing 10 general dentists on how to perform the examination. An analysis of photographs was performed on two separate occasions with a 2-week interval between sessions. Data analysis involved the calculation of Kappa coefficients for both inter-examiner and intra-examiner agreement. The Kappa coefficient was set at 0.92 in the pilot studies, which indicates the internal examiner’s reliability. As the Kappa coefficients were very good, the examiners were considered capable of conducting the epidemiological study.
After clinical evaluation, the children or their legal guardians answered a few questions prepared in accordance with the closed questions in the questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire was related to their sociodemographic profile and consisted of three closed questions (material status, parents’ education, place of residence), while the second part was related to the children’s dietary habits (frequent consumption of fruit juices and carbonated drinks, snacking on sweetened foods at night, type of feeding: natural/artificial/mixed, etc.).
The data were collected from the questionnaire (Appendix 1) and subjected to statistical analysis.
Statistical analysis
A data set was analyzed using SPSS version 12. Data were presented as frequencies in percentage and were analyzed using the chi-square test, where the p-values were considered significant at p < 0.05. The type of correlation between different variables and the ECC was evaluated using Karl Pearson correlation. To measure the impact of possible risk factors of childhood caries, multiple logistic regression was used for which the odds ratio (OR) was calculated for selected factors of the ECC development. The results of logistic regression are summarized in table 1.
Table 1. Influence of particular variables on the incidence of caries in different age groups (logistic regression).
| Age group | Feeding | Snack of sweetened foods at night | Frequent consumption of fruit juices and carbonated drinks | Toothpaste for children |
| Natural | Artificial | Mixed |
| OR | Reference value | 1.849 | 2.454 | 3.684 | 2.602 | 4.71 |
| 95% Confidence interval for OR | 0.436 | 0.436 | 1.174 | 0.774 | 0.447 |
| 7.845 | 13.813 | 11.565 | 8.744 | 49.628 |
| Level of significance | 0.405 | 0.309 | 0.025 | 0.122 | 0.197 |
| OR | Reference value | 1.002 | 1.813 | 1.427 | 2.227 | 0.287 |
| 95% Confidence interval for OR | 0.445 | 0.669 | 0.826 | 1.252 | 0.033 |
| 2.258 | 4.916 | 2.466 | 3.961 | 2.46 |
| Level of significance | 0.995 | 0.242 | 0.203 | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| 5 | OR | Reference value | 0.773 | 1.029 | 3.843 | 2.136 | 0.702 |
| 95% Confidence interval for OR | 0.195 | 0.28 | 1.411 | 0.838 | 0.164 |
| 3.06 | 3.787 | 10.466 | 5.443 | 2.996 |
| Level of significance | 0.713 | 0.966 | 0.008 | 0.112 | 0.632 |
| 6 | OR | Reference value | 0.647 | 5.449 | 1.177 | 2.251 | 1.041 |
| 95% Confidence interval for OR | 0.239 | 0.665 | 0.542 | 1.031 | 0.351 |
| 1.754 | 44.615 | 2.556 | 4.917 | 3.093 |
| Level of significance | 0.392 | 0.114 | 0.681 | 0.042 | 0.942 |
Logistic regression – statistical method which allows calculation of OR for selected factors (called explanatory variables)
Odds ratio (OR) – describes the odd of an event occuring in the study group compared to the control group
Ethical approval
Consents were obtained from all patients and the study procedure was approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (No. KBET/194/B/2011).
Results
Caries prevalence
Powyżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu, do którego możesz uzyskać pełny dostęp.
Mam kod dostępu
- Aby uzyskać płatny dostęp do pełnej treści powyższego artykułu albo wszystkich artykułów (w zależności od wybranej opcji), należy wprowadzić kod.
- Wprowadzając kod, akceptują Państwo treść Regulaminu oraz potwierdzają zapoznanie się z nim.
- Aby kupić kod proszę skorzystać z jednej z poniższych opcji.
Opcja #1
29 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego artykułu
- dostęp na 7 dni
uzyskany kod musi być wprowadzony na stronie artykułu, do którego został wykupiony
Opcja #2
69 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 30 dni
- najpopularniejsza opcja
Opcja #3
129 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 90 dni
- oszczędzasz 78 zł
Piśmiennictwo
1. Bissar A, Schiller P, Wolff A et al.: Factors contributing to severe early childhood caries in south-west Germany. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18(5): 1411-1418. 2. Wigen TI, Espelid I, Skaare AB, Wang NJ: Family characteristics and caries experience in preschool children. A longitudinal study from pregnancy to 5 years of age. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39(4): 311-317. 3. Regulation of the Minister of Health of NFZ, No. 77/2013/DSOZ from 12.12.2013. Available at: http://www.nfz.gov.pl/new/?katnr=3&dzialnr=12&artnr=5828. 4. The Supreme Audit Office report (NIK) from 2012 /kzd-4101-04/2012/. Available at: http://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,5280,vp,6841.pdf. 5. World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997. Available at: http://www2.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2009/OH_st_Esurv.pdf. 6. International Caries Detection and Assessment System Coordinating Committee. Criteria manual [online]. 2009 July. cited May 14 2014. Available at: https://www.icdas.org/uploads/ICDAS%20Criteria%20Document%20corrected%20 2013.pdf. 7. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 2014 Guideline on Caries-risk Assessment and Management for Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Available at: http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_CariesRiskAssessment.pdf. 8. Fontana M, Jackson R, Eckert G et al.: Identification of caries risk factors in toddlers. J Dent Res 2011; 90: 209-214. 9. Gao XL, Hsu CY, Xu Y et al.: Building caries risk assessment models for children. J Dent Res 2010; 89: 637-643. 10. Mejàre I, Axelsson S, Dahlén G et al.: Caries risk assessment. A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72: 81-91. 11. Pienihäkkinen K, Jokela J, Alanen P: Assessment of caries risk in preschool children. Caries Res 2004; 38: 156-162. 12. A review of developmental defects of the enamel dental index (DDE Index). Commission on Oral Health Research & Epidemiology. Report of an FDI Working Group. Int Dent J 1992; 42: 411-426. 13. Lenčová E, Pikhart H, Broukal Z: Early childhood caries trends and surveillance shortcomings in the Czech Republic. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 9-15. 14. Martins MT, Sardenberg F, Abreu MH et al.: Factors associated with dental caries in Brazilian children: a multilevel approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014; 42(4): 289-299. 15. Retnakumari N, Cyriac G: Childhood caries as influenced by maternal and child characteristics in pre-school children of Kerala-an epidemiological study. Contemp Clin Dent 2012; 3(1): 2-8. 16. Majorana A, Cagetti MG, Bardellini E et al.: Feeding and smoking habits as cumulative risk factors for early childhood caries in toddlers, after adjustment for several behavioral determinants: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14: 45. 17. Kumarihamy SL, Subasinghe LD, Jayasekara P et al.: The prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in 1-2 yrs olds in a semi-urban area of Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4: 336. 18. Zhou Y, Yang JY, Lo EC, Lin HC: The contribution of life course determinants to early childhood caries: a 2-year cohort study. Caries Res 2012; 46(2): 87-94. 19. Sankeshwari RM, Ankola AV, Tangade PS, Hebbal MI: Association of socio-economic status and dietary habits with early childhood caries among 3- to 5-year-old children of Belgaum city. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013; 14(3): 147-153. 20. Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang R et al.: Associations of social and behavioural factors with early childhood caries in Xiamen city in China. Int J Paediatr Dent 2011; 21(2): 103-111. 21. Corrêa-Faria P, Paixão-Gonçalves S, Paiva SM et al.: Association between developmental defects of enamel and early childhood caries: a cross-sectional study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2015; 25(2): 103-109. 22. Naidu R, Nunn J, Kelly A: Socio-behavioural factors and early childhood caries: a cross-sectional study of preschool children in central Trinidad. BMC Oral Health 2013; 13: 30. 23. Congiu G, Campus G, Sale S et al.: Early childhood caries and associated determinants: a cross-sectional study on Italian preschool children. J Public Health Dent 2014; 74(2): 147-152. 24. Chu CH, Ho PL, Lo ECM: Oral health status and behaviours of preschool children in Hong Kong. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 1-8. 25. Peres MA, de Oliveira Latorre Mdo R, Sheiham A et al.: Social and biological early life influences on severity of dental caries in children aged 6 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33(1): 53-63. 26. Prakash P, Subramaniam P, Durgesh BH, Konde S: Prevalence of early childhood caries and associated risk factors in preschool children of urban Bangalore, India: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Dent 2012; 6(2): 141-152. 27. Postma TC, Ayo-Yusuf OA, van Wyk PJ: Socio-demographic correlates of early childhood caries prevalence and severity in a developing country – South Africa. Int Dent J 2008; 58(2): 91-97. 28. Ismail AI, Sohn W, Lim S, Willem JM: Predictors of dental caries progression in primary teeth. J Dent Res 2009; 88(3): 270-275. 29. Chankanka O, Levy SM, Marshall TA et al.: The associations between dietary intakes from 36 to 60 months of age and primary dentition non-cavitated caries and cavitated caries. J Public Health Dent 2012. Doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2012.00376.x (Epub ahead of print). 30. Perera PJ, Fernando MP, Warnakulasooriya TD, Ranathunga N: Effect of feeding practices on dental caries among preschool children: a hospital based analytical cross sectional study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014; 23(2): 272-277. 31. Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J et al.: The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent 2005; 65(3): 166-173. 32. Thitasomakul S, Piwat S, Thearmontree A et al.: Risks for early childhood caries analyzed by negative binomial models. J Dent Res 2009; 88(2): 137-141. 33. Szczepańska J, Lubowiedzka B, Szydłowska B et al.: Influence of dietary habits on the incidence of early childhood caries. Czas Stomatol 2007; 4: 249-256.
