© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 12/2015, s. 820-824
*Joanna Misiorowska1, Jacek M. Witwicki2, Waldemar Misiorowski1, Romuald Dębski3, Wojciech Zgliczyński1
Ocena zaopatrzenia kobiet ciężarnych w witaminę D w aglomeracji warszawskiej – doniesienie wstępne
Evaluation of vitamin D status in pregnant women in Warsaw – preliminary report**
1Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielański Hospital, Warszawa
Head of Department: prof. Wojciech Zgliczyński, MD, PhD
2Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bielański Hospital, Warszawa
Head of Unit: Jacek M. Witwicki, MD, PhD
3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielański Hospital, Warszawa
Head of Department: prof. Romuald Dębski, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Powszechny niedobór witaminy D obserwuje się na całym świecie, we wszystkich grupach wiekowych. Jednocześnie, w większości krajów wciąż brakuje danych opisujących precyzyjnie poszczególne populacje, zwłaszcza kobiet w ciąży. Na znaczenie odpowiedniego dawkowania suplementów witaminy D w grupie kobiet ciężarnych zwracają uwagę Rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego z roku 2014, w których zwiększono zalecany poziom dawkowania do 2000 IU na dobę.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była ocena zaopatrzenia w witaminę D w grupie kobiet ciężarnych oraz określenie spożycia suplementów witaminy D w odniesieniu do aktualnych zaleceń.
Materiał i metody. Grupę badaną stanowiły 163 losowo wybrane kobiety, u których w okresie okołoporodowym określono stężenie 25(OH)D we krwi obwodowej. Wielkość spożycia witaminy D w okresie ciąży oceniono na podstawie kwestionariusza wypełnianego przez ciężarną w okresie okołoporodowym. Oznaczeń stężenia 25(OH)D dokonywano za pomocą metody chemiluminescencji, w sposób zautomatyzowany, z wykorzystaniem analizatora LIAISON (DiaSorin).
Wyniki. Blisko 15% badanych nie suplementowało witaminy D w żadnej postaci. Mimo suplementacji, u prawie 90% badanych stężenie 25(OH)D we krwi obwodowej pozostawało poniżej poziomu 30 ng/ml, uważanego za rekomendowane stężenie minimalne. U badanych kobiet stężenie 25(OH)D w surowicy było ściśle skorelowane z deklarowanym poziomem suplementacji.
Wnioski. Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje, że większość ciężarnych nie stosuje się do zaleceń dotyczących suplementacji witaminą D. Istotne jest zatem, aby położnicy już na pierwszej wizycie kontrolnej zwracali uwagę na włączenie do diety preparatu zawierającego witaminę D w rekomendowanej dawce 1500-2000 IU na dobę.
Summary
Introduction. Vitamin D deficiency is fairly common throughout the world, in all age groups. Whereas, in most countries there is still no accurate data providing detailed information on specific populations, especially pregnant women. The importance of the adequate dosage of vitamin D supplements in a group of pregnant women is pointed out in Recommendations of the Polish Gynaecological Society published in 2014, where the recommended dosage was increased to 2000 IU per day.
Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the vitamin D status in a group of pregnant women and to assess the intake of vitamin D supplements in relation to current recommendations.
Material and methods. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were measured in a group of 163 randomly selected women during the perinatal period. Information on maternal vitamin D intake was collected by questionnaire obtained during the perinatal period. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured by chemiluminescence using a LIAISON (DiaSorin) analyzer.
Results. Nearly 15% of respondents did not supplement vitamin D in any form. Despite supplementation, the level of 25(OH)D in the peripheral blood remained below 30 ng/ml, which is considered the recommended minimum level, in almost 90% of women from studied group. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were closely correlated with declared doses of supplements.
Conclusions. The study indicates that the majority of pregnant women do not follow recommendations for vitamin D supplementation. Obstetricians should emphasize the importance of adequate vitamin D supplementation at the first follow-up visit during pregnancy. The pregnant women need to be advised to supplement vitamin D in recommended doses of 1500 to 2000 IU daily.
INTRODUCTION
A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in populations of pregnant women gave rise to research about the role of vitamin D status and the importance of its deficit for the mother and the fetus. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with higher risk of preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, bacterial vaginosis and gestational diabetes (1). Hollis et al. (2) indicates that intake of adequate doses of vitamin D during pregnancy may significantly reduce the number of complications during pregnancy. The authors emphasize the relationship between low serum concentration of 25(OH)D, and the incidence of gestational hypertension and the percentage of cesarean sections. Note, however, that many pathologies are multifactorial and supplementation of vitamin D only, will not be sufficient to eliminate the problem.
A growing number of researchers points out an important role of vitamin D as a universal modulator of the immune system. This causes particular interest in the influence of vitamin D on immune processes during pregnancy. It has been shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher incidence of bacterial vaginosis, which increases the risk of miscarriages and premature births (RR 2.4 for preterm births and RR 6.6 for miscarriages) (3, 4). Liu et al. (5) demonstrated in an animal model (mouse), that maternal and fetus concentration of vitamin D plays a key role in the development of chorioamnionitis. Vitamin D supplementation is therefore a potential therapeutic strategy influencing the immune system of a pregnant woman. Recommendations of the Polish Gynecological Society published in 2014, suggest that the currently used vitamin D dose of 800-1000 IU per day may be insufficient and recommend higher doses – up to 2000 IU daily (6). Hollis and Wagner (7) showed that women with profound vitamin D deficiency present before pregnancy, require much higher doses of vitamin D. The authors suggest that only 2000-4000 IU per day normalizes the vitamin D status in almost all pregnant women, and consequently reduces the number of complications, such as number of caesarian sections and some diseases associated with pregnancy.
AIM
The main objective was an evaluation of vitamin D status in a group of pregnant women. Secondary objectives were to asses the compliance with recommendations of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and to evaluate the effectiveness of declared supplementation to obtain the desired concentration of 25(OH)D.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study group included 163 randomly selected pregnant women admitted to Bielański Hospital on the day of delivery. Premature birth (before 37 completed weeks) and lack of written consent excluded from the study. The mean age in the study group at time of delivery was 31.5 ± 4.5 years (mean ± SD). Body weight measured at time of delivery was 78.34 ± 11.87 kg (mean ± SD), and body weight gain calculated in relation to the proper body mass reached 15.62 ± 11.19 kg (mean ± SD). Information on maternal vitamin D intake was collected by questionnaire obtained during the perinatal period. A 4 ml blood specimen was taken at the time of other routine blood examinations for 25(OH)D serum concentration testing. Levels of 25(OH)D were measured by chemiluminescence using a LIAISON (DiaSorin) analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 23.0 software. In order to assess the compatibility of distributions with the normal distribution the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The relationship between variables was assessed using a Pearson coefficient (when the distribution was normal), and linear regression was used, along with a XY plot of the distribution and the least square regression line. In the case of variables of a distribution deviating from normal, a Spearman coefficient was used.
RESULTS
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Piśmiennictwo
1. Misiorowska J, Misiorowski W: The role of vitamin D during pregnancy. Progress in Medical Sciences 2014; 12: 865-871.
2. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC et al.: Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 2341-2357.
3. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN: Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Nutr 2009; 139(6): 1157-1161.
4. Hensel KJ, Randis TM, Gelber SE et al.: Pregnancy specific association of vitamin D deficiency and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204(1): e41-e49.
5. Liu NQ, Kaplan AT, Lagishetty V et al.: Vitamin D and the regulation of placental inflammation. J Immunol 2011; 186(10): 5968-5974.
6. Karowicz-Bilińska A, Noawa-Markwitz E, Opala T et al.: Polish Gynaecological Society recommendations on the use of vitamins and micronutrients in women planning to become pregnant, pregnant and lactating women. Ginekol Pol 2014; 85: 395-399.
7. Hollis BW, Wagner CL: Vitamin D and pregnancy: skeletal effects, nonskeletal effects, and birth outcomes. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92(2): 128-139.
8. Pludowski P, Karczmarewicz E, Chlebna-Sokół D et al.: Vitamin D: Recommended dosage in healthy individuals and in risk groups with deficits – Guidelines for Central Europe 2013. Medical Standards/Pediatrics 2013; 10: 573-578.
9. Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Shafaei A et al.: Vitamin D status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007; 12(7): 1.
10. Viljakainen HT, Saarnio E, Hytinantti T et al.: Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(4): 1749-1757.
11. Jacquemyn Y, Ajaji M, Karepouan N: Vitamin D levels in maternal serum and umbilical cord blood in a multi-ethnic population in Antwerp, Belgium. FVV in ObGyn 2013; 5(1): 3-5.
12. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al.: Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(7): 1911-1930.
13. The Australian Government Department of Health. Clinical Practice Guidelines Antenatal care – Module 1.2013 Avail at http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/clinical-practice-guidelines-ac-mod1.
14. Konradsen S, Ah H, Lindberg F et al.: Serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D is inversely associated with body mass index. Eur J Nutr 2008 Mar; 47(2): 87-91.
