*Katarzyna Obszańska, Agnieszka Cegiełkowska-Bednarczyk, Tomasz Trojanowski
Improvement in motor functions and emotional changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease after dbs therapy
Poprawa funkcji motorycznych i zmiany emocjonalne u chorych z chorobą Parkinsona leczonych głęboką stymulacją mózgu
Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University in Lublin
Head of Department: Professor Tomasz Trojanowski, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Głęboka stymulacja mózgowa (DBS) jest znaną metodą leczenia pacjentów z chorobą Parkinsona (PD).
Cel pracy. Celem naszych badań było określenie, jaki wpływ ma stymulacja jądra niskowzgórzowego (STN) na poprawę funkcji motorycznych i emocjonalnych u tych chorych.
Materiał i metody. Analizowano dane 40 osób z chorobą Parkinsona leczonych metodą głębokiej stymulacji w naszej klinice w okresie od września 2009 do grudnia 2014 roku. Przed zabiegiem wszyscy chorzy byli oceniani w skali UPDRS bez leków i po przyjęciu leków przeciwparkinsonowskich oraz ponownie 3 miesiące po operacji. Każdy chory przeszedł badanie neuropsychologiczne na obecność depresji przy pomocy testu BDI. Wszyscy chorzy byli ponownie badani przez neuropsychologa po upływie roku.
Wyniki. Stymulacja została włączona 3-4 tygodnie po zabiegu. Parametry stymulacji: stymulacja monopolarna, szerokość impulsu 60 msec, częstotliwość 130 Hz, średnia amplituda 2,6 mA. Tylko jeden kontakt był włączony u 88% chorych, dwa kontakty aktywne u 12% chorych. Obserwowano zmniejszenie tendencji depresyjnych i niepokoju. Uzyskano poprawę w skali UPDRS u około 62% chorych i zmniejszono dzienną dawkę lewodopy o 71%.
Wnioski. Stymulacja jądra niskowzgórzowego pozwala uzyskać istotną poprawę funkcji ruchowych u pacjentów z zaawansowaną postacią choroby Parkinsona i zmniejszyć ilość przyjmowanych leków. Poprawa funkcji ruchowych wpływa pozytywnie na sferę emocjonalną chorych.
Summary
Introduction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a method of treatment in advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Aim. The aim of our study was to verified the impact of stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) on the improvement of motor and emotional functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Material and methods. We analysed data of 40 patients who underwent bilateral DBS for treatment of Parkinson’s disease in our department between September 2009 and December 2014. Patients were assessed with UPDRS motor score before surgery: with and without medicaments and 3 months after surgery. Every patient underwent psychological evaluation during which time level of depression and fear in our patients with BDI were tested. All patients had another psychological evaluation after one year of stimulation.
Results. All stimulators were turned on after 3-4 weeks. The parameters of stimulation were as follows: monopolar stimulation, pulse with (PW) 60 msec., frequency 130 Hz, amplitude average 2.6 mA. The only one contact was active in 88% of cases, 2 contacts active in 12% of cases. Diminishing of depression tendencies and the level of anxiety were observed.
The reduction in motor UPDRS score by 62% and a reduction in daily levodopa-equivalent dose by 71% were achieved.
Conclusions. Stimulation of subthalamic nucleus allows to achieve significant improvement in motor functions in patients with advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease and to diminish the amount of taken medicaments. Improvement in motors function in patients with advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease have a positive effect on the of the emotional sphere.
INTRODUCTION
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disabling neurological illness characterized by motor and non motor symptoms. The main motor symptoms are:
– resting tremor often of hand, arm or leg,
– bradykinesia – slowed and limited movements,
– rigidity – muscle stiffness.
The other motor symptoms of PD may include: impaired posture and impaired balance, talking and swallowing disturbance, speech difficulties, loss of movement in the fascial muscles can cause facial expression known as “Parkinson’s mask”, difficulty with walking, small steps and shuffle with feet together.
The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are as follows: change in taste and smell, choking, nausea and vomiting, constipations, drooling, urinary dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, insomnia, excessive sweating, double vision, rest leg syndrome, leg swelling, dementia and cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, hallucinations, sexual dysfunction (1, 2).
Over the first years of treatment Parkinsonian signs can be effectively controlled by oral administration of antiparkinsonian drugs. Progression of disease brings problems with unpredictable motor fluctuations. In many patients there is a satisfactory response to levodopa over the first years duration of the disease, but after this period motor fluctuations develop which limit the pharmacological treatment effectiveness. When the pharmacological treatment is insufficient the surgical intervention is recommended. Significant improvement in quality of life and motor function have been obtained with subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation (3). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well known method of treatment in the advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of therapy is to improve of the most disabling parkinsonian symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor to positively influence patient’s quality of life.
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) on behavioural changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Contentment with life (4) is being described as the general evaluation of the quality of life in the aspects chosen by patients. A subjective well-being is comprised of the level of satisfaction with life, positive feelings and the lack of negative feelings (5, 6). The evaluation of contentment with life is a result of comparing personal situation with standards the person has set before himself. The feeling of satisfaction is the result of a positive outcome of this comparison.
Behavioural differences in response to the illness depend on many socio-cultural and psychological factors influencing the level of suffering from the symptoms and perceived psychological state (7). Illness and its consequences constitute a complex stress syndrome (8). This has a negative influence on the functioning and emotional experiences of patient. Stress effects depend mostly on the choice of strategy of coping with difficult situation. To keep stress under control a person undertakes actions to reduce or eliminate the threat. These actions consist of many strategies of coping with the direct stress including attempts to control emotional tension or changing the situation towards solving of the problem (7). The individual methods of handling stressful situations play a major role in the process of emotion control and adaptation.
Parkinson’s disease affects as many as 60 thousands people in Poland (9).
Bilateral STN DBS is a method of treatment in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Relief of the motor symptoms as: rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor can be achieved (10-12). The influence of DBS on non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease is rather limited.
There are three commonly recognised targets for stimulation:
– subthalamic nucleus (STN) – aiming at improvement of all motor-symptoms: rigidity, termor and bradykinesia, postural and gait on the off period (13). Reduction of dyskinesias connected with reduction of levodopa’s doses (14). Elongation of “on” period. Improvement of daily activity,
– the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) is the best choice for patients with severe pharmacoresistant tremor,
– globus pallidus pars internal (GPi) – the best choice for patients with severe rigidity.
AIM
The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of deep brain stimulation in improvement of motor symptoms and reduction of daily levodopa equivalent dose after neurosurgical DBS treatment of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Another purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of the surgery and to assess the effects of stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) on behavioural changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The data of 40 consecutive patients with Parkinson’s disease treated in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Medical University in Lublin were evaluated. All patients were referred to Neurosurgical Department by a neurologist, who confirmed diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and expressed an opinion that there is no further effective pharmacological treatment for those patients available. All candidates for DBS underwent a levodopa/dopaminergic challenge test. During levodopa/dopaminergic challenge test patients stop taking antiparkinsonian medicaments for 12 hours and after that patients are evaluated in UPDRS scale. Afterwards the patients are given suprathreshold dose of levodopa and then again evaluated with UPDRS in his best “on” state. Optimal surgical candidates demonstrate at least 30% improvement in the motor part (Part III) of the UPDRS. The test excludes patients with parkinsonian syndromes, which are levodopa unresponsive (15, 16).
Before surgery the patients were examined in neurosurgical outpatient clinic to prove that they are good candidates for surgery (no history of anticoagulants, terminal neoplasm, infections and immunological deficiency etc.). Eligible patients were subjected to neuropsychological assessment. The level of depression and fear has been assessed with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) test and an ISCL test. Patients with psychiatric problems, major depression and severely impaired cognitive functions were excluded from the surgical treatment. The exclusion criteria from the examined group was a high level of fear assessed by the ISCL test and high level of depression in the BDI test before surgery.
The patients with severe and mild depressive syndromes were referred to psychiatric clinic for pharmacological therapy, and after the antidepressant treatment were repeatedly evaluated and eventually accepted as the candidates for surgery.
Neurological condition was evaluated using Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). UPDRS is commonly used for the clinical study of Parkinson’s disease. The scale itself is composed of six parts: part I – evaluation of mental activity and state of mind or cognition, behaviour and mood; part II – evaluation of the daily activities and daily living; part III – evaluation of motor functions; part IV – evaluation of complications of treatment; part V – Hoehn and Yahr scale staging of the severity of Parkinson’s disease; part VI – Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale (17). Parts I, II and III contain 44 questions and each items is measured on a five-point scale, part IV contains 11 questions evaluated from 0 to 23. Each part of the scale determines the areas and level of disability, together with four sections that evaluates complication of treatment. Each answer in the scale was analysed during the patient interview. The scale required multiple grades evaluation with a possible maximum of 199 points. A score of 199 points on the UPDRS scale represents the worst disability, and zero means no disability (2).
All patients underwent psychological assessment before and after surgery, in the end only 12 patients have been selected to the research group for analysing changes in the emotional sphere: eight male and four female in age from 47 to 73. Three people were actively working and nine living on pension. The level of depression and fear in the examined patients has been assessed with ISCL test and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) test. BDI consists of series of questions to measure the intensity, severity and depth of depression. Test contains 21 questions each with four possible responses to establish a specific symptom of depression. Each response is assigned a score from zero to three, depending of the severity of symptoms. Questions of the BDI evaluate mood, pessimism, guilt, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, work difficulties, fatigue, insomnia, weight loss, loss of libido. The sum of the scores correlates with the severity of depression. The BDI score was used to detect, assess and monitor depressive symptoms. The criteria of excluding from the examined group were a high level of fear reached in the ISCL test and a high intensity of depression in the BDI test before surgery.
To verify the functioning after surgery two research methods have been applied: a self-made questionnaire and The Satisfaction with Life Scale – SWLS (authors: Ed Diener, R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larson, S. Griffin; adaptation: Zygfryd Juczynski). To analyse the results of SWLS test sten score is used. SWLS scale is a short score which comprises five statements evaluated in a five-point scale. The self-made questionnaire assessed functioning in social, professional and social life, feeling of contentment about the state of life and the possibilities of carrying out daily activities.
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