Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty distinguished by specific knowledge, research and unique surgical methods.

Even though here are attempts to trace it back to the prehistoric skull trepanation it is a specialty of the last century. This special medical field is involved in the surgical treatment of the diseases of the nervous system the directly adjacent structures.

In the times of evidence based medicine neurosurgery experiences specific difficulties resulting from the relatively low number of cases treated their variability, quickly developing new treatment methods and paradigms making collection of adequately large number of patients similarly treated very difficult or impossible. Therefore research based on relatively small series and observations remain valid in providing progress in neurosurgery.