Metalloproteinases and their role in the degradation of bonding systems. Part 1
Metaloproteinazy i ich udział w degradacji systemów wiążących. Część 1
The differences in the structure and level of mineralization of the teeth determine the speed and characteristics of caries process in the enamel and dentin. The primary aetiological factor of caries are organic acids produced by cariogenic bacteria. They initiate caries demineralization by decreasing the pH of the oral cavity and dissolve the dentin, exposing the extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix is built of collagen proteins and glycoproteins. It acts as a scaffold for the dentin tissue structure. Type 1 collagen is the largest component of the extracellular matrix (90%) and determines the elasticity, durability and biomechanical properties of the dentin. Collagen fibres and non-collagenous proteins are synthesized and secreted by odontoblasts (1-4).
Uncontrolled progression of the caries process leads to the formation of a cavity. The treatment of cavities requires the reconstruction of the missing dental tissues. To this end, contemporary restorative dentistry promotes aesthetic composite materials. Their use involves certain procedures, including the use of adhesive systems. The application of acidic conditioners leads to superficial demineralization of the dentin. In order to create an optimal bonding zone – the so-called hybrid layer, built of type 1 collagen fibres and proteoglycans surrounded by polymer chains, dentin matrix etched with orthophosphoric acid needs to be thoroughly impregnated with resin (5-7). The hybrid layer, composed of collagen, resin, hydroxyapatite and water residues is also called the zone of mutual diffusion. Resin monomers penetrate water-filled spaces between neighbouring dentin fibres and create a retention element for the restorative material (8). The impregnation of collagen fibres with resin within the hybrid layer is incomplete and some fibres remain exposed. They can be degraded by metalloproteinases (MMPs), which reduces the strength of the bonding system and dentin. The shrinkage of the restorative material associated with its polymerization can cause bacterial leakage, dentin hypersensitivity and discolouration of the filling margins. With time, the degradation of the bonding resin is observed as loss of retention or the reduction of adhesion strength. A clinical review of various bonding systems used in Black class V cavities demonstrated the highest rate of retention loss in the examined teeth within five years of the use of self-etching systems; better results were achieved after the use of a two- or three-step adhesive system with etching. Glass-ionomer fillings demonstrated the highest clinical efficacy. Due to the problems discussed above fillings often need to be replaced (9).
The connection of bonding systems to the dentin matrix is an important topic since research shows that it deteriorates over time. This is due to the effect of multiple physical and chemical factors on the zone of adhesion. These include chewing forces and repeated expansion, stress and shrinkage caused by temperature changes in the oral cavity (10-17). These phenomena lead to the degradation of exposed collagen fibres, elution of resin monomers and breakdown of resin components (18, 19). Regardless of the bonding system used, there are unprotected and vulnerable collagen fibres left in the lower part of the hybrid layer. These fibres can be hydrolyzed by endogenous enzymes called metalloproteinases (MMPs) (20-22).
MMPs are enclosed inside mineralized dentin during the development of the tooth. They can hydrolyze the components of the extracellular matrix (23-25). They play an important role in physiological processes such as the development and restructuring of the dentin – dentinogenesis (26, 27). They have also been observed to be involved in different pathological processes. A number of metalloproteinases, particularly gelatinases and MMP-1 have been linked to angiogenesis (28). An increased activity of MMPs is observed in diseases of the oral cavity such as gingivitis, periodontitis, caries, periapical tissue lesions, lichen planus or squamous cell carcinoma (29, 30).
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