*Hady Razak Hady1, Patrycja Pawluszewicz1, Maria Soldatow1, Jacek Dadan1, Pawel Wojciak1, Agnieszka Swidnicka-Siergiejko2, Malgorzata Knas3, Lukasz Szarpak4, Adam Kretowski5, Jerzy Robert Ladny1, 6
Analysis of the influence of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on BMI, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese patients
Analiza wpływu laparoskopowej regulowanej opaski żołądkowej na BMI, gospodarkę węglowodanową i lipidową u otyłych pacjentów
1Ist Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, Poland
2Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, Poland
3Department of Cosmetology, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, Poland
4Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
5Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, Poland
6Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Otyłość to poważny problem zdrowotny współczesnej medycyny wynikający z zachwiania proporcji podaży energii i jej wydatkowania, wiążący się z ryzykiem rozwoju wielu chorób oraz wzrostem śmiertelności. Chirurgia bariatryczna jest najskuteczniejszym sposobem obniżenia masy ciała oraz zapobiegania i leczenia powikłań otyłości.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu laparoskopowej opaski żołądkowej (LABG) na parametry gospodarki węglowodanowej i lipidowej, stężenie ALT, AST oraz wpływu na schorzenia współistniejące – cukrzycę typu 2, nadciśnienie tętnicze i zespół bezdechów sennych.
Materiał i metody. Operacji LABG poddano 31 mężczyzn oraz 58 kobiet o średniej masie ciała 123 ± 11,3 kg, BMI 43,20 ± 3,40 kg/m2. W 6-miesięcznej obserwacji badano spadek masy ciała oraz BMI. Przeanalizowano stężenia insuliny, glukozy, ALT, AST, trójglicerydów, cholesterolu całkowitego oraz frakcji HDL i LDL przed operacją, 7 dni oraz 1, 3 i 6 miesięcy po zabiegu LABG.
Wyniki. Wykazano statystycznie istotny spadek masy ciała i BMI po zabiegu LABG oraz stężenia insuliny, cholesterolu całkowitego, LDL i trójglicerydów. Obserwowano spadek częstości występowania chorób towarzyszących – cukrzycy typu 2, nadciśnienia tętniczego i zespołu bezdechów sennych.
Wnioski. LABG prowadzi do skutecznej utraty masy ciała, poprawy ogólnego stanu zdrowia oraz normalizacji parametrów metabolicznych.
Summary
Introduction. Obesity is a serious health problem of modern medicine resulting from the disturbances of the proportion of energy supply and its expenditure, which is associated with the risk of developing many diseases and the increase in mortality. Bariatric surgery is the most effective way to reduce weight as well as prevent and treat obesity complications.
Aim. The aim of the study is to present the influence of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LABG) on the parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, ALT, AST concentration and the effect on following co-morbidities such as diabetes type 2, hypertension and sleep apnea.
Material and methods. LABG has been applied in 31 men and 58 women with an average body weight of 123 ± 11.3 kg, BMI 43.20 ± 3.40 kg/m2. In 6-month follow-up, weight loss and BMI were examined. Concentrations of insulin, glucose, ALT, AST, triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions HDL and LDL have been analyzed before surgery as well as 7 days, 1, 3 and 6 months after the surgery.
Results. After LABG was a statistically significant decrease in body weight and BMI as well as in insulin, totals cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides concentrations. There was a decrease in the incidence of co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and sleep apnea.
Conclusions. LABG leads to effective weight loss, improvement of general health and normalization of metabolic parameters.
INTRODUCTION
Obesity is a serious problem of modern medicine. For many years there have been a growing percentage of people with excessive body mass, which allows discussion about a global epidemic of obesity (1, 2). Epidemiological data presented by the WHO shows that over 1.9 billion adults (18 years and above) were overweight in 2017, including over 650 million obese, which is respectively 39 and 13% (3). Obesity is caused by the predominance of energy supply over its expenditure, leading to excessive development of adipose tissue. The problem of obesity is not only the result of a disturbed lifestyle, especially eating habits, but also many other factors, and that is why it has to be resolved by many different methods, including conventional and surgical (4). Because conservative methods often are insufficient, the greatest attention of doctors daily meeting with obesity has focused on bariatric surgery, which in many centers was considered the treatment of choice for permanent weight reduction in obese patients who did not benefit from conservative treatment (5, 6).
Obesity is also a serious medical problem. It is associated with the occurrence of many diseases and increased mortality, patients with morbid obesity live on average 8-10 years shorter (7). The effects of diseases coexisting with obesity were observed by doctors of many specialties, who increasingly often have the greatest trust in bariatric surgery. Thus, effective treatment of obesity is not only the surgery itself, but pre- and post-operative multi-specialist care, the aim of which is to minimize the effects of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnea, degeneration of joints, fatty liver, depressive disorders and gastrointestinal tumors.
The most common disorder associated with obesity is the metabolic syndrome. Depending on the agreed classification, it consists of individual risk factors predisposing to the development of CVD and T2DM. The WHO and ATP III criteria are most commonly used (8).
The growing problem of obesity is closely related to the widespread use of bariatric and metabolic surgery, as well as LAGB. Since 1994, LAGB has been one the most popular bariatric and metabolic procedures (9). However, depending on the region, the trend of its application varies. Specific discrepancies are observed when comparing North America with Europe (10, 11). In Poland, the first application of AGB was in 1998 and is currently one of the most commonly used bariatric techniques (12).
AIM
The aim of this study is to present the influence of laparoscopic gastric banding on insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions HDL and LDL, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase in obese patients and its influence on co-morbidities: T2DM, hypertension, sleep apnea.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Between 2008 and 2014, 89 obese patients were hospitalized in the 1st Department of General and Endocrinological Surgery, who underwent a procedure for the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding LABG. The distribution of gender and age, body mass and BMI of the operated patients has been analyzed. The patients underwent a 6-month follow-up during which the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism (insulin and glucose concentration as well as HOMA-IR index) and lipid parameters, as well as alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels have been examined. The incidence of co-morbidities before and 6 months after the surgery has also been examined.
Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0 software for Windows. All values were given as mean ± SD. The Mann-Whitney test was used for examining the differences between preoperative and postoperative values. The value p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.
RESULTS
In a group of hospitalized obese patients were 31 men and 58 women. The mean body mass before surgery was 123 kg, and BMI 43.2 kg/m2 (tab. 1).
Tab. 1. Characteristics of examined group (mean ± standard deviation)
| Criteria | n = 89 |
| Men/women [%] | 31 (35%)/58 (65%) |
| Age men/women [years] | 37/41 |
| Body mass [kg] | 123 ± 11.3 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 43.20 ± 3.40 kg/m2 |
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